How math is helping restore bull kelp forests

How math is helping restore bull kelp forests

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Preliminary ecological modeling results from research funded by California Sea Grant and the California Ocean Protection Council suggest that California bull kelp restoration efforts may be most successful when they are done early and using multiple strategies.

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West Coast Venus Clams

West Coast Venus Clams

Chione californiensis, Chione undatella

 

Photo by Theresa Talley

The Science

THE SCIENCE

 

Photograph by Joop Trausel and Frans Slieker [4]
Photograph by Joop Trausel and Frans Slieker

Taxonomic description

  • Mean (±1SD) length 2.94 ± 0.22 cm; maximum length of around 6.35 cm. [1]
  • Thick, oval-shaped shell.[1]
  • Color range varies, including white, ivory, gray, pale pink. [4]
  • Radiating bands and very closely spaced radial and concentric ridges (C. californiensis and C. undatella, though C. undatella ridges are more closely spaced). [1]

Distribution

  • From Point Conception, Santa Barbara County, California (lat. 34°25'N) to Panama. Few findings of Chione all the way down in Peru from limited records. [1]
  • Most relatively abundant clam in the intertidal zone in some sites along the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur. [3]

Life history

  • Life span of 1-2 years.
  • External fertilization; Gametogenic progression in male and female clams is categorized by five stages: inactive, gametogenesis, ripe, spawning and spent. [3,7]
  • Embryos develop into free-swimming trocophore larvae, succeeded by the bivalve veliger resembling a miniature clam. [5]
  • C. californiensis: 
    • Actively spawns in warmer months (June to September) with a peak in August when temperatures are near 29°C. [3]
    • Ideal temperatures for spawning:  ~ 22-30 ℃; Spawning is interrupted when temperatures fall below 24°C. [3]
    • Gametogenesis is directly related to variations in temperature; the frequency of spawning individuals increases with rising temperature and vice versa. [3]
  • C. undatella:
    • ​​​​​​​Size at first maturity is 57mm LC. [6]
    • Reproductive throughout the year, with peak spawning in late spring or early summer. [4,16]
    • Shell growth increases with summer spawning season. [17]

Habitat

  • Gastric content observed to be only phytoplankton. [8]
  • C. californiensis: 
    • Higher abundance in areas with fine/very fine sand, or sand-silts with lower abundance in sediment containing clay. [2]
    • Occurs on flats of sloughs, coves and bays, primarily in the intertidal zone (as deep as 50 m) where it is the most common clam at some sites along the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur. [2,3]
  • C. undatella:
    • Primarily found near mouth of bays, in well-flushed sandy areas, or near and in eelgrass beds. [15]
    • Species does not grow below 17 ℃ (62.6 °F) with ideal temperature: ~17-24℃ (62.6 - 75.2°F). [15]

The Fishery

THE FISHERY

Image
Photo credit: T.S. Talley

Photo: T.S. Talley

Seasonal availability

  • Available year-round.

Regulatory and Managing authority

  • The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) requires clam diggers to have a valid sports fishing license. For wild harvest, there is a size limit of 1.5in shell diameter.[18]
  • Aquaculture operations are subject to approval by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife and/or the Fish and Game Commission. Permitting is complex and involves multiple state, federal and local agencies, and varies with species, location, and more. 
  • The Permit Guide to Aquaculture in California outlines the permitting and registration process. 

Gear type 

  • Besides using hands and feet to dig through the sand, rakes and shovels are also common. [10]

Status of the fishery

  • There is no established commercial fishery for Venus clams in California.
  • C. undatella is currently cultured on the Gulf of California in Baja California, Mexico.[4]
  • With the growing interest in culturing of native species, west coast Venus clams are a promising species for aquaculture given recent research in California[19,20] and success in Baja California. [4] 

Potential ecosystem impacts

  • Wild harvest requires digging up substrate which can have localized, temporary impacts from the disturbance. 
  • Operational impacts of aquaculture are considered minimal. Clams subsist on plankton filtered out of the water and therefore require no feed; additionally, effluent water at culture sites is highly regulated. [18]

The Seafood

THE SEAFOOD

Photo by El Sargazo [14]
Photo by El Sargazo [11]

Edible portions

  • The entire soft-bodied clam is edible. [12]

Description of meat

  • Firm and sweet. [11]

Culinary uses

  • Most often steamed. [11]
  • Can be included in pastas, soups, or rice. [11]

Nutritional information 

  • No current nutritional information is available for west coast Venus clams, but shown is information for the Pacific littleneck clam. [21]

Toxicity report

  • West coast Venus clams, as with many shellfish, have the potential to naturally accumulate algal toxins such as domoic acid and PSP (paralytic shellfish poisoning), which can be a health hazard for human consumption. The California Department of Public Health provides updated shellfish advisories. [13]
  • Farmed shellfish undergo depuration (time in clean water to clear any contaminants) and are tested for safety before being sold. 

Seasonal availability

  • Available year-round. [11]

Explore

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Seafood Profiles
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California Aquaculture
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References

[1] Parker, P. 1949. Fossil and Recent Species of the Pelecypod Genera Chione and Securella from the Pacific Coast. Journal of Paleontology, 23(6), 577-593. Retrieved May 13, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1299665 

[2] García-Domínguez F, Arvizu-Martínez J, Rodríguez-Astudillo S,Ramírez-Sevilla R. 1994. Distribución y abundancia de Chione californiensis (Pelecypoda: Veneridae) en la Ensenada de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Rev. Biol. Trop. 42(3): 531–536.

[3] García-Domínguez F, García-Melgar G, Gonzalez-Ramirez P. 1992. Reproductive Cycle of the Clam Chione Californiensis (Brodeiup, 1835) in Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Ciencias Marinas. (1993),19(1):15-28. https://www.cienciasmarinas.com.mx/index.php/cmarinas/article/view/923/845

[4] Baqueiro, E., M. Castagna. 1988. Fishery And Culture Of Selected Bivalves In Mexico: Past, Present And Future. VIMS Articles. 1287. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/1287 

[5] Ruppert, E.E., R.S. Fox and R.D. Barnes. 2004. Invertebrate Zoology. A functional evolutionary approach. 7th Ed. Brooks/Cole, Thomson Learning learning, Inc. 990 

[6] Arce-Peinado, C.A, Arellano-Martínez, M, Ceballos-Vázquez, B.P. 2018. Reproductive cycle of venus clam Chione undatella in the coasts of the Santa Rosalía mining region, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Hidrobiológica [online]. 2018, vol.28, n.3, pp.325-334. Epub 25-Mar-2020. ISSN 0188-8897.  https://doi.org/10.24275/uam/izt/dcbs/hidro/2018v28n3/ceballos. 

[7] Baqueiro, E. y Stuardo, J. 1977. Observaciones sobre la biología, ecología y explotación de Megapitaria aurantiaca (Sow., 1835), M. squalida (Sow., 1835) y Dosinia ponderosa (Gray, 1838) (Bi- valvia: Veneridae) de la Bahía de Zihuatanejo e Isla Ixtapa, Gro., México. An. Centro Cienc. del Mar y Limnol. UNAM, 4(l): 161-208.

[8] Garcia-Dominguez, F., Felix-Pico, E. F., Juarez-Olvera, C. D., & Ibarra, N. R. 1996. Feeding of Chione gnidia (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829), C. undatella (Sowerby, 1835) and C. californiensis (Broderip, 1835) (Veneridae) at Ensenada de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Retrieved from https://www.infona.pl//resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-e66e154d-ee28-31a5-89eb-7a7fef866e17 

[9] Chione californiensis (Broderip, 1835). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.sealifebase.se/summary/Chione-californiensis.html 

[10] Evans, M. 2018. Fishing for Live Clams on Los Angeles Beaches. USA Today. https://traveltips.usatoday.com/fishing-live-clams-los-angeles-beaches-110443.html 

[11] El Sargazo. (n.d.). Almeja Chione – Sargazo. Sargazo. https://sargazo.com/producto/almeja-chione/ 

[12] Peterson, E., & Ambrosino, G. 2018. Clams 101: A How-To Guide | Edible Jersey. Edible Jersey. https://ediblejersey.ediblecommunities.com/eat/clams-101-how-guide

[13] California Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2021. Health Advisories and Closures for California Finfish, Shellfish and Crustaceans. California Department of Fish and Wildlife. https://wildlife.ca.gov/Fishing/Ocean/Health-Advisories 
[14] Eagletusk. 2018. Oregon Coast Clamming. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oregon_Coast_Clamming.jpg

[15] Hatch, B.A.M.. 2012. “The sclerochronology of Donax gouldii and Chione undatella: Environmental archives of the past and present Southern California Bight”. University of California, San Diego. https://escholarship.org/content/qt7vw867wr/qt7vw867wr_noSplash_47ba7a646c4092ac656335e37fbf4cfd.pdf

[16] Cárdenas, E.B., D.A.  Aranda. 2000. A review of reproductive patterns of bivalve mollusks from Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science  66(1), pp.13-27.

[17]  Drover, C. 1974. Seasonal Exploitation of Chione Clams on the Southern California Coast. The Journal of California Anthropology, 1(2): 224-232. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27824794 

[18] California Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2023. California Ocean Sport Fishing Regulations 2023-2024. California Department of Fish and Wildlife. https://wildlife.ca.gov/Fishing/Ocean/Regulations/Sport-Fishing/Invertebrate-Fishing-Regs

[19] Talley, T. and Culver, C. 2023. Expanding the horizons of west coast aquaculture through culture of native clam species. [Unpublished manuscript]. 

[20] Wallace, A. 2023. Assessing the effectiveness of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture for growing west coast venus clams. MS Thesis. University of San Diego. https://doi.org/10.22371/02.2023.002

[21] Whole Foods Market. (2022). Littleneck Clams at Whole Foods Market. Whole Foods Market. https://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/product/seafood-littleneck-clams-b079mfzhqt

Postdoctoral scholars support adaptive management of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

Postdoctoral scholars support adaptive management of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

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This spring, California Sea Grant and the Delta Stewardship Council’s Delta Independent Science Board (Delta ISB) welcomed two new postdoctoral scholars, Kristine Grace Cabugao and Lillian McCormick.

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Update Profile

Fund Manager - Hybrid

Join our team! California Sea Grant is hiring a new fund manager to join our dynamic fiscal team. The team is responsible for the accounting activities of our statewide program with research projects, fellowships, and extension services based throughout California. The position is hybrid to start, with the possibility of being fully remote.

MPA Monitoring Series: Ask the Researcher, Mid-Depth Rocky Habitats

DateThursday, August 11, 2022 | 12:00 PM to 1:00 PM
LocationVirtual Event

This summer webinar series will give attendees the unique opportunity to interact directly with researchers involved in California’s MPA monitoring projects. Participants are invited to ask questions directly to the researchers to understand the science informing the management of California’s MPA Network. The webinar series is hosted by The Ocean Protection Council in partnership with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and supported by Strategic Earth Consulting. Participation by all members of the public is encouraged.

This webinar will cover mid-depth rocky habitats. Each one-hour webinar is open to the public; no pre-registration required. You are welcome to join the discussion at the indicated times. Recordings will be made available with closed captioning after the series is completed.

Additional information about the MPA Decadal Management Review can be found on the California Department of Fish and Wildlife’s web page. A roundup of the seven research projects, which includes final reports, updates, and snapshots, can be found here. The projects were funded by the Ocean Protection Council and administered by California Sea Grant in partnership with OPC and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and build on more than a decade of MPA monitoring.

 

If you have questions or want to provide feedback, please contact the MPA Management Program.

 

No RSVP required, click the link when the webinar begins.

Link: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/82853226072

 

MPA Monitoring Series: Ask the Researcher, Estuary Ecosystems

DateTuesday, August 09, 2022 | 12:00 PM to 1:00 PM
LocationVirtual Event

This summer webinar series will give attendees the unique opportunity to interact directly with researchers involved in California’s MPA monitoring projects. Participants are invited to ask questions directly to the researchers to understand the science informing the management of California’s MPA Network. The webinar series is hosted by The Ocean Protection Council in partnership with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and supported by Strategic Earth Consulting. Participation by all members of the public is encouraged.

This webinar will cover estuary ecosystems. Each one-hour webinar is open to the public; no pre-registration required. You are welcome to join the discussion at the indicated times. Recordings will be made available with closed captioning after the series is completed.

Additional information about the MPA Decadal Management Review can be found on the California Department of Fish and Wildlife’s web page. A roundup of the seven research projects, which includes final reports, updates, and snapshots, can be found here. The projects were funded by the Ocean Protection Council and administered by California Sea Grant in partnership with OPC and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and build on more than a decade of MPA monitoring.

 

If you have questions or want to provide feedback, please contact the MPA Management Program.

 

No RSVP required, click the link when the webinar begins.

Link: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/82853226072

 

MPA Monitoring Series: Ask the Researcher, California Cooperative Fisheries Research Program

DateMonday, July 18, 2022 | 4:00 PM to 5:00 PM
LocationVirtual Event

This summer webinar series will give attendees the unique opportunity to interact directly with researchers involved in California’s MPA monitoring projects. Participants are invited to ask questions directly to the researchers to understand the science informing the management of California’s MPA Network. The webinar series is hosted by The Ocean Protection Council in partnership with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and supported by Strategic Earth Consulting. Participation by all members of the public is encouraged.

This webinar will cover California Cooperative Fisheries Research Program. Each one-hour webinar is open to the public; no pre-registration required. You are welcome to join the discussion at the indicated times. Recordings will be made available with closed captioning after the series is completed.

Additional information about the MPA Decadal Management Review can be found on the California Department of Fish and Wildlife’s web page. A roundup of the seven research projects, which includes final reports, updates, and snapshots, can be found here. The projects were funded by the Ocean Protection Council and administered by California Sea Grant in partnership with OPC and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and build on more than a decade of MPA monitoring.

 

If you have questions or want to provide feedback, please contact the MPA Management Program.

 

No RSVP required, click the link when the webinar begins.

Link: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/82853226072

 

MPA Monitoring Series: Ask the Researcher, Sandy Beach and Surf Zone Ecosystems

DateFriday, June 24, 2022 | 12:00 PM to 1:00 PM
LocationVirtual Event

This summer webinar series will give attendees the unique opportunity to interact directly with researchers involved in California’s MPA monitoring projects. Participants are invited to ask questions directly to the researchers to understand the science informing the management of California’s MPA Network. The webinar series is hosted by The Ocean Protection Council in partnership with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and supported by Strategic Earth Consulting. Participation by all members of the public is encouraged.

This webinar will cover sandy beach and surf zone ecosystems. Each one-hour webinar is open to the public; no pre-registration required. You are welcome to join the discussion at the indicated times. Recordings will be made available with closed captioning after the series is completed.

Additional information about the MPA Decadal Management Review can be found on the California Department of Fish and Wildlife’s web page. A roundup of the seven research projects, which includes final reports, updates, and snapshots, can be found here. The projects were funded by the Ocean Protection Council and administered by California Sea Grant in partnership with OPC and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and build on more than a decade of MPA monitoring.

 

If you have questions or want to provide feedback, please contact the MPA Management Program.

 

No RSVP required, click the link when the webinar begins.

Link: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/82853226072

 

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